Dostępne zagadnienia z gramatyki praktycznej języka angielskiego

Conditionals

1. I st conditional- future

- If you work hard, you will succeed.

If-simple present, future simple.

2. II conditional- Present

- If I were you, I would go and see the doctor.

 

If-simple past, future in the past.

3. III rd conditional- past

 

- If they hadn’t driven so fast they wouldn’t have had the accident.

If- past perfect, would have III forma cz.nieregularnego

4. 0 conditional

- I go to the cinema if I have money

5. Mix conditional

• II and III

- If I were you I would have done it.

• III and II

- If she had cleaned the flat yesterday, she could rest today.

6. Will/won’t in the if-clause

- If you will wait, I will call that manager.- jeśli zechcesz

- If you will make coffee, I will wash the dishes.-sth for sth

- If you will smoke so much, you will have health problems.

7. But for

- If it weren’t for

- If it hadn’t been for

8. Wish

- I wish you hadn’t said it.

- I wish you were here now.

- I wish you would/could come to the party.

9. Would rather/would sooner

- I would rather go to the cinema.

- I would rather not go.

- I would rather you went/ didn’t go.

10. Had better.

- I had better go.

- I had better not go.

11. As if

• Present

• • You look as if you are drunk- fact.

  • You look as if you were drunk- non-fact.

• Past

• • The town looks as if it has been/ was struck by a Tornado.-fact

  • The town looks like as if it had been struck by a Tornado.-non- fact

• Future

• • He sounds as if he will make a good teacher.- fact

  • He sounds as if he would make a good teacher. Non-fact

12. Subjunctive

• Mandatory

-present subjunctive

I, you ,he ,she ,it, we, you, they – go,be

-past subjunctive

I, you,… - were (used in conditional)

I insist that wild animals (should) be kept in cages.

• Formulaic

• • Come what may- niech się stanie co chce

  • Long live the Queen

  • Suffice it to say-wystarczy powiedzieć

  • Be that as it may-mimo tego

  • God forbid-Boże broń

  • So be it- niech tak będzie

  • Far be it for me-daleko jestem od

13. Reported speech

1.

Simple Present – Past simple

Present Continuous – Past Continuous

Present Perfect- Past Perfect

Present Perf. Continuous- Past Perf. Continuous

Past Simple- Past Perfect

Future- Would – Future in the Past

Future Continuous- in the past

Conditional- usually won’t change

Past perfect- won’t change

2.Questions

Where are you going?

He asked me where I was going.

Do you like me?

He asked me if I liked him?

3. Orders, requests, commands

“Come here”-she said

She told me to come there.

“Don’t smoke”

She asked me not to smoke.

4.

yesterday- the day before, the previous day

today- that day

the day before yesterday- two days before

-tomorrow- the following day, the next day

- next week- the following week

-last week- the previous week

- a year ago- a year before

 

5. When we don’t change times

• After present tenses

She says she is hungry

She has said she is hungry

• Immediate reporting

She said she is hungry

• General truths, proverbs, wise, sayings, after past cont.

6.

accuse- sb of doing sth

agree- with sb/sth, to do sth

decide to do sth

insist on sth/doing sth

refuse to do sth, sth

admit to doing sth,

apologize to sb for doing sth, to sb for sth

deny sth, doing sth/that

offer sth to sb, to do sth

remind sb of sb/sth

advise sb to do sth

confess to sth, to doing sth, sth to sb

doubt sth, that

promise sth to sb, to do sth

suggest sth to sb, doing sth

demand to do sth

prefer sb to do sth

propose doing sth

recommend sb to do , doing sth

request sb to do sth

urgue sb to do sth

7. Modal verbs in Reported speech

1) What will you do if Ken is too late?- would

2) What shall I do if Ken is late?-should

3) He might/could have trouble with his car after all- unchanged-probability

4) He should/ought to be here in good time- unchanged

5) You must have strange ideas about Ken- unchanged

6) I must catch the plane.-had to

7) If Ken is late I must ( will have to) order a taxi.-would have to

8) You mustn’t order a taxi.-wasn’t allowed to

9) Helen needn’t worry- didn’t have ( need) to worry

10) I didn’t need to go back to my office after lunch.- hadn’t needed

11) I needn’t have worried after all.-unchanged

12) I couldn’t tell you before.-past ability.

14. Modal Verbs

- can

- could

- may

- might

- shall

- should

- will

- would

- must

- ought to

- dare

- need (modal and lexical)

• Modal in the past

Must have been- musiało być

Possibility and uncertainty in the past is expressed by modal in perfect aspect: modal + have – III f

Must- She must have been beautiful girl when she was young.

Can- You can’t have lost it.

You might / could have told me.

They might/could have killed you.

Can’t have III f = Couldn’t have III f

I can play the piano- ability

I could play the piano when I was 5.-potential ability

Once I was able to play for 5 hours.

• Used to, would

• • used to-universal, state and action

  • would-repeated action

1.Harry used to be a cigarette smoker.-past state

2.He didn’t use to worry about his health.-past activity

3.He would come home drunk.-repeated action in the past.